Physics:List of accelerators in particle physics

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Short description: List compiling of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments

A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics from that field, are also included. Although a modern accelerator complex usually has several stages of accelerators, only accelerators whose output has been used directly for experiments are listed.

Early accelerators

These all used single beams with fixed targets. They tended to have very briefly run, inexpensive, and unnamed experiments.

Cyclotrons

Main page: Physics:Cyclotron
Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape Accelerated Particle Kinetic
Energy 		Notes and discoveries made
9-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1931 Circular H+2 1.0 MeV Proof of concept
11-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932 Circular Proton 1.2 MeV
27-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932–1936 Circular Deuteron 4.8 MeV Investigated deuteron-nucleus interactions
37-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1937–1938 Circular Deuteron 8 MeV Discovered many isotopes
60-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1939–1962[1] Circular Deuteron 16 MeV Discovered many isotopes.
88-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab, now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1961–Present Circular (Isochronous) Hydrogen through uranium MeV to several GeV Discovered many isotopes. Verified two element discoveries. Performed the world's first single event effects radiation testing in 1979, and tested parts and materials for most US spacecraft since then.
184-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab 1942–1993 Circular Various MeV to GeV Research on uranium isotope separation
Calutrons Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN 1943– "Horseshoe" Uranium nuclei Used to separate Uranium 235 isotope for the Manhattan project. After the end of World War II used for separation of medical and other isotopes.
95-inch cyclotron Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory 1949–2002 Circular Proton 160 MeV Used for nuclear physics 1949 – ~ 1961, development of clinical proton therapy until 2002
JULIC Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany 1967–present Circular Proton, deuteron 75 MeV Now used as a preaccelerator for COSY and irradiation purposes

[1] The magnetic pole pieces and return yoke from the 60-inch cyclotron were later moved to UC Davis and incorporated into a 76-inch isochronous cyclotron which is still in use today[1]

Other early accelerator types

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Accelerated
particle 		Kinetic
Energy 		Notes and discoveries made
Linear particle accelerator Aachen University, Germany 1928 Linear Beamline Ion 50 keV Proof of concept
Cockcroft and Walton's
electrostatic accelerator 		Cavendish Laboratory 1932 See Cockroft-
Walton generator 		Proton 0.7 MeV First to artificially split the nucleus (Lithium)
Betatron Siemens-Schuckertwerke, Germany 1935 Circular Electron 1.8 MeV Proof of concept

Synchrotrons

Main page: Physics:Synchrotron
Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape and size Accelerated
particle 		Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link
Cosmotron BNL 1953–1968 Circular ring
(72 meters around) 		Proton 3.3 GeV Discovery of V particles, first artificial production of some mesons INSPIRE
Birmingham Synchrotron University of Birmingham 1953–1967 Proton 1 GeV
Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab 1954–~1970 "Race track" Proton 6.2 GeV Strange particle experiments, antiproton and antineutron discovered, resonances discovered INSPIRE
Bevalac, combination of SuperHILAC linear accelerator, a diverting tube, then the Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ~1970–1993 Linear accelerator followed by "race track" Any and all sufficiently stable nuclei could be accelerated Observation of compressed nuclear matter. Depositing ions in tumors in cancer research. INSPIRE
Saturne Saclay, France 3 GeV INSPIRE
Synchrophasotron Dubna, Russia December 1957 – 2003 10 GeV INSPIRE
Zero Gradient Synchrotron ANL 1963–1979 12.5 GeV INSPIRE
U-70 Proton Synchrotron IHEP, Russia 1967–present Circular ring
(perimeter around 1.5 km) 		Proton 70 GeV INSPIRE
Proton Synchrotron CERN 1959–present Circular ring
(628 meters around) 		Proton 26 GeV Used to feed ISR (until 1984), SPS, LHC, AD INSPIRE
Proton Synchrotron Booster CERN 1972–present Circular Synchrotron Protons 1.4 GeV Used to feed PS, ISOLDE INSPIRE
Super Proton Synchrotron CERN 1976–present Circular Synchrotron Protons and ions 450 GeV COMPASS, OPERA and ICARUS at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso INSPIRE
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron BNL 1960–present Circular ring
(808 meters) 		Proton (unpolarized and polarized), deuteron, helium-3, copper, gold, uranium 33 GeV J/ψ, muon neutrino, CP violation in kaons, injects heavy ions and polarized protons into RHIC INSPIRE
Proton Synchrotron (KEK) KEK 1976–2007 Circular ring Proton 12 GeV
COSY Juelich, Germany 1993–present Circular ring (183.47 m) Protons, Deuterons 2.88 GeV The legacy of the experimental hadron physics programme at COSY INSPIRE
ALBA Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya 2011–present Circular ring (270 m) Electrons 3 GeV INSPIRE
Sirius São Paulo State, Brazil 2018–present Circular ring (518.4 m) Electrons, Au, Sn, TiO2 3 GeV INSPIRE
Australian Synchrotron Monash University, Melbourne 2007–present Circular ring (216 m) Electrons 3 GeV INSPIRE

Fixed-target accelerators

More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently built colliders.

High intensity hadron accelerators (Meson and neutron sources)

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape and size Accelerated Particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link
High Current Proton Accelerator Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (originally Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) Los Alamos National Laboratory 1972–Present Linear (800 m)
and
Circular (30 m) 		Protons 800 MeV Neutron materials research, proton radiography, high energy neutron research, ultra cold neutrons INSPIRE
PSI, HIPA High Intensity 590 MeV Proton Accelerator PSI, Villigen, Switzerland 1974–present 0.8 MeV CW, 72 MeV Injector 2,

590 MeV Ringcyclotron

Protons 590 MeV, 2.4 mA, =1.4 MW Highest beam power, used for meson and neutron production with applications in materials science INSPIRE
TRIUMF Cyclotron TRIUMF, Vancouver BC 1974–present Circular H-ion 500 MeV World's largest cyclotron, at 17.9m INSPIRE
ISIS neutron source Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus,

Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

1984–present H- Linac followed by proton RCS Protons 800 MeV INSPIRE
Spallation Neutron Source Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2006–Present Linear (335 m) and
Circular (248 m) 		Protons 800 MeV – 1 GeV Produces the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. INSPIRE
J-PARC RCS Tōkai, Ibaraki 2007–Present Triangular, 348m circumference Protons 3 GeV Used for material and life sciences and input to J-PARC main ring INSPIRE

Electron and low intensity hadron accelerators

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Accelerated
particle 		Kinetic
Energy 		Experiments Notes INSPIRE link
Antiproton Accumulator CERN 1980–1996 Design study INSPIRE
Antiproton collector CERN 1986–1996 Antiprotons Design study INSPIRE
Nuclotron JINR 1992–present Circular ring Proton and heavy ions 12.6 GeV (protons), 4.5 Gev/n (heavy ions) INSPIRE
Antiproton Decelerator CERN 2000–present Storage ring Protons and antiprotons 26 GeV ATHENA, ATRAP, ASACUSA, ACE, ALPHA, AEGIS Design study INSPIRE
Low Energy Antiproton Ring CERN 1982–1996 Antiprotons PS210 Design study INSPIRE
Cambridge Electron Accelerator Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1962–1974[2] 236 ft diameter synchrotron[3] Electrons 6 GeV [2]
SLAC Linac SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1966–present 3 km linear
accelerator 		Electron/
Positron 		50 GeV Repeatedly upgraded, used to feed PEP, SPEAR, SLC, and PEP-II. Now split into 1 km sections feeding LCLS, FACET & LCLS-II. INSPIRE
Fermilab Booster Fermilab 1970–present Circular synchrotron Protons 8 GeV MiniBooNE INSPIRE
Fermilab Main Injector Fermilab 1995–present Circular synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 150 GeV MINOS, MINERνA, NOνA INSPIRE
Fermilab Main Ring Fermilab 1970–1995 Circular synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 400 GeV (until 1979), 150 GeV thereafter
Electron Synchrotron of Frascati Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati 1959–? (decommissioned) 9m circular synchrotron Electron 1.1 GeV
Bates Linear Accelerator Middleton, MA 1967–2005 500 MeV recirculating linac and storage ring Polarized electrons 1 GeV INSPIRE
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 1995–present 6 GeV recirculating linac (recently upgraded to 12 GeV) Polarized electrons 6–12 GeV DVCS, PrimEx II, Qweak, GlueX First large-scale deployment of superconducting RF technology. INSPIRE
ELSA Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Germany 1987–present Synchrotron and stretcher (Polarized) electrons 3.5 GeV Crystal Barrel INSPIRE
MAMI Mainz, Germany 1975–Present Multilevel racetrack microtron Polarized electrons 1.5 GeV accelerator A1 – Electron Scattering, A2 – Real Photons, A4 – Parity Violation, X1 – X-Ray Radiation INSPIRE
Tevatron Fermilab 1983–2011 Superconducting circular synchrotron Protons 980 GeV INSPIRE
Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1974–Present Linear (120 m) Ions of all naturally occurring elements 2–11.4  MeV/u INSPIRE
Schwerionensynchrotron (SIS18) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1990–Present Synchrotron with 271 m circumference Ions of all naturally occurring elements U: 50–1000 MeV/u
Ne: 50–2000 MeV/u
p: 4,5 GeV 		INSPIRE
Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1990–Present Ions of all naturally occurring elements 0.005 – 0.5  GeV/u
J-PARC Main Ring Tōkai, Ibaraki 2009–Present Triangular, 500m diameter Protons 30 GeV J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility, T2K Can also provide 8 GeV beam INSPIRE
Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (USA) 2004–Present Linear Protons 13 MeV[4] SANS, SESAME, MIS LENS Website
Cornell BNL ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA)[5]
 Cornell University, Ithaca / NY (USA) 2019–Present Energy recovery linac with SRF cavities, 4 turns, and all beams in one fixed field alternating-gradient lattice of permanent magnets Electrons 150 MeV A prototype facility for Electron Ion Colliders INSPIRE

Colliders

Electron–positron colliders

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and circumference 		Electron
energy 		Positron
energy 		Experiments Notable Discoveries INSPIRE link
AdA LNF, Frascati, Italy; Orsay, France 1961–1964 Circular, 3 meters 250 MeV 250 MeV Touschek effect (1963); first e+e− interactions recorded (1964) INSPIRE
Princeton-Stanford (e−e−) Stanford, California 1962–1967 Two-ring, 12 m 300 MeV 300 MeV e−e− interactions
VEP-1 (e−e−) INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1964–1968 Two-ring, 2.70 m 130 MeV 130 MeV e−e− scattering; QED radiative effects confirmed INSPIRE
VEPP-2 INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1965–1974 Circular, 11.5 m 700 MeV 700 MeV OLYA, CMD multihadron production (1966), e+e−→φ (1966), e+e−→γγ (1971) INSPIRE
ACO LAL, Orsay, France 1965–1975 Circular, 22 m 550 MeV 550 MeV ρ0, K+K−,φ3C, μ+μ−, M2N and DM1 Vector meson studies; then ACO was used as synchrotron light source until 1988 INSPIRE
SPEAR SLAC 1972–1990(?) Circular 3 GeV 3 GeV Mark I, Mark II, Mark III Discovery of Charmonium states and Tau lepton INSPIRE
VEPP-2M BINP, Novosibirsk 1974–2000 Circular, 17.88 m 700 MeV 700 MeV ND, SND, CMD-2 e+e− cross sections, radiative decays of ρ, ω, and φ mesons INSPIRE
DORIS DESY 1974–1993 Circular, 300m 5 GeV 5 GeV ARGUS, Crystal Ball, DASP, PLUTO Oscillation in neutral B mesons INSPIRE
PETRA DESY 1978–1986 Circular, 2 km 20 GeV 20 GeV JADE, MARK-J, CELLO, PLUTO, TASSO Discovery of the gluon in three jet events INSPIRE
CESR Cornell University 1979–2002 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CUSB, CHESS, CLEO, CLEO-2, CLEO-2.5, CLEO-3 First observation of B decay, charmless and "radiative penguin" B decays INSPIRE
PEP SLAC 1980–1990(?) Mark II INSPIRE
SLC SLAC 1988–1998(?) Addition to
SLAC Linac 		45 GeV 45 GeV SLD, Mark II First linear collider INSPIRE
LEP CERN 1989–2000 Circular, 27 km 104 GeV 104 GeV Aleph, Delphi, Opal, L3 Only 3 light (m ≤ mZ/2) weakly interacting neutrinos exist, implying only three generations of quarks and leptons INSPIRE
BEPC Beijing, China 1989–2004 Circular, 240m 2.2 GeV 2.2 GeV Beijing Spectrometer (I and II) INSPIRE
VEPP-4M BINP, Novosibirsk 1994– Circular, 366m 6.0 GeV 6.0 GeV KEDR[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] Precise measurement of psi-meson masses, two-photon physics
PEP-II SLAC 1998–2008 Circular, 2.2 km 9 GeV 3.1 GeV BaBar Discovery of CP violation in B meson system INSPIRE
KEKB KEK 1999–2009 Circular, 3 km 8.0 GeV 3.5 GeV Belle Discovery of CP violation in B meson system
DAΦNE LNF, Frascati, Italy 1999–present Circular, 98m 0.7 GeV 0.7 GeV KLOE Crab-waist collisions (2007) INSPIRE
CESR-c Cornell University 2002–2008 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CHESS, CLEO-c INSPIRE
VEPP-2000 BINP, Novosibirsk 2006– Circular, 24.4m 1.0 GeV 1.0 GeV SND, CMD-3 Round beams (2007)
BEPC II Beijing, China 2008– Circular, 240m 1.89 GeV 1.89 GeV Beijing Spectrometer III
VEPP-5 BINP, Novosibirsk 2015–
ADONE LNF, Frascati, Italy 1969–1993 Circular, 105m 1.5 GeV 1.5 GeV
TRISTAN KEK 1987–1995 Circular, 3016m 30 GeV 30 GeV
SuperKEKB KEK 2016– Circular, 3 km 7.0 GeV 4.0 GeV Belle II

Hadron colliders

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Particles
collided 		Beam
energy 		Experiments INSPIRE
Intersecting
Storage Rings 		CERN 1971–1984 Circular rings
(948 m around) 		Proton/
Proton 		31.5 GeV INSPIRE
Super
Proton Synchrotron/SppS 		CERN 1981–1984 Circular ring
(6.9 km around) 		Proton/
Antiproton 		270–315 GeV UA1, UA2 INSPIRE
Tevatron
Run I 		Fermilab 1992–1995 Circular ring
(6.3 km around) 		Proton/
Antiproton 		900 GeV CDF, D0 INSPIRE
Tevatron
Run II 		Fermilab 2001–2011 Circular ring
(6.3 km around) 		Proton/
Antiproton 		980 GeV CDF, D0 INSPIRE
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
polarized proton mode 		Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York 2001–present Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference) 		Polarized Proton/
Proton 		100–255 GeV PHENIX, STAR INSPIRE
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
ion mode 		Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York 2000–present Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference) 		d-197Au79+;

63Cu29+–63Cu29+;
63Cu29+–197Au79+;
197Au79+–197Au79+;
238U92+–238U92+

3.85–100 GeV
per nucleon 		STAR, PHENIX, BRAHMS, PHOBOS INSPIRE
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
proton mode 		CERN 2008–present Circular rings
(27 km circumference) 		Proton/
Proton 		6.8 TeV
(design: 7 TeV) 		ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, LHCf, TOTEM INSPIRE
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
ion mode 		CERN 2010–present Circular rings
(27 km circumference) 		208Pb82+–208Pb82+;

Proton-208Pb82+

2.76 TeV
per nucleon 		ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb INSPIRE

Electron-proton colliders

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Electron
energy 		Proton
energy 		Experiments INSPIRE link
HERA DESY 1992–2007 Circular ring
(6336 meters around) 		27.5 GeV 920 GeV H1, ZEUS, HERMES experiment, HERA-B INSPIRE

Light sources

Main page: Physics:List of synchrotron radiation facilities

Hypothetical accelerators

Besides the real accelerators listed above, there are hypothetical accelerators often used as hypothetical examples or optimistic projects by particle physicists.

  • Eloisatron (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) was a project of INFN headed by Antonio Zichichi at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Sicily. The center-of-mass energy was planned to be 200 TeV, and the size was planned to span parts of Europe and Asia.
  • Fermitron was an accelerator sketched by Enrico Fermi on a notepad in the 1940s proposing an accelerator in stable orbit around the Earth.
  • The undulator radiation collider[6] is a design for an accelerator with a center-of-mass energy around the GUT scale. It would be light-weeks across and require the construction of a Dyson swarm around the Sun.
  • Planckatron is an accelerator with a center-of-mass energy of the order of the Planck scale. It is estimated that the radius of the Planckatron would have to be roughly the radius of the Milky Way. It would require so much energy to run that it could only be built by at least a Kardashev Type II civilization.[7]
  • Arguably also in this category falls the Zevatron, a hypothetical source for observed ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Building the cyclotron". http://cyclotron.crocker.ucdavis.edu/building-cyclotron/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Cambridge Electron Accelerator (Cambridge, Mass.) Records of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator : an inventory". Harvard University Library. November 15, 2006. http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hua11001. Retrieved January 2, 2012. 
  3. ↑ Rothenberg, Peter J. (October 16, 1958). "An MIT-Harvard Project: The Electron Accelerator". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1958/10/16/an-mit-harvard-project-the-electron-accelerator/. Retrieved January 2, 2012. 
  4. ↑ Baxter, D.V.; Cameron, J.M.; Derenchuk, V.P.; Lavelle, C.M.; Leuschner, M.B.; Lone, M.A.; Meyer, H.O.; Rinckel, T. et al. (2005). "Status of the low energy neutron source at Indiana University". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 241 (1–4): 209–212. doi:10.1016/J.NIMB.2005.07.027. Bibcode: 2005NIMPB.241..209B. 
  5. ↑ "CLASSE: Energy Recovery Linac". https://www.classe.cornell.edu/Research/ERL/CBETA.html. 
  6. ↑ Bursa, Francis (2017). "The Undulator Radiation Collider: An Energy Efficient Design for a [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt{s} = 15~\text{GeV} }[/math] Collider". arXiv:1704.04469 [physics.acc-ph].
  7. ↑ Lacki, Brian C. (2015). "SETI at Planck Energy: When Particle Physicists Become Cosmic Engineers". arXiv:1503.01509 [astro-ph.HE].

External links



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